A Correlation Between Mental Illness And Suicide - 2289 Words

In the United States, suicide is the third-leading cause of death for 10 to 14-year-olds (CDC, 2015) and for 15 to 19-year-olds (Friedman, 2008). In 2013, 17.0% of students grades 9 to 12 in the United States seriously thought about committing suicide; 13.6% made a suicide plan; 8.0% attempted suicide; and 2.7% attempted suicide in which required medical attention (CDC, 2015). These alarming statistics show that there is something wrong with the way suicide is handled in today’s society. In order to alleviate the devastating consequences of teenage suicide, it is important to get at the root of what causes it all: mental illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (2013), mental illness is the imbalance of thinking, state of mind, and mood. Approximately 90% of all suicides are committed by people with mental illnesses (NAMI, n.d.). This shows that there is a correlation between mental illness and suicide. If mental illnesses are not treated, deadly co nsequences could occur. It would make sense that if there is a correlation between mental illness and suicide across all ages, the same should be thought for adolescents. Approximately 21% of all teenagers have a treatable mental illness (Friedman, 2008), although 60% do not receive the help that they need (Horowitz, Ballard, Pao, 2009). If mental illnesses are not found and treated in teenagers, some of them may pay the ultimate price. To many people, these facts are certainly frightening because noShow MoreRelatedDurkheim s Suicide And Suicide1651 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this essay, we will be looking a Durkheim’s analysis of suicide and whether his ideas on suicide were right in his time, and whether they are still relevant in today’s society. Emile Durkheim described ‘suicide’ as a term â€Å"applied to any death which is the direct or indirect result of a positive or negative act accomplished by the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result† (Durkheim, Suicide: a Study in Sociology, originally published 1897, 1970). Positive acts were actsRead MoreThe Suicide Rates Of South Korea1349 Words   |  6 PagesWorldwide Suicide Rates Suicide is a serious public health problem that causes immeasurable pain, suffering, and loss to individuals, families, and communities nationwide. Suicide rates around the world vary because of different available methods and economic reasons. There are also multiple ways suicide is being observed to find ways to resolve the increasing rates. South Korea is one of many countries with the highest suicide rates. In the recent years, suicide rates have increased rapidly andRead MoreSuicide Is Reaching Epidemic Proportions All Across The Globe970 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide is reaching epidemic proportions all across the globe. What is causing such an outbreak in young adults? Most people have heard about the get help hotlines and the advertisements associated with suicide. Although we ve all heard about it, not much is being done about it. Johnson states the facts about suicide, â€Å"claiming 39,518 lives in 2011, or more than 6,889 more than in 2005† (10). This small piece of information goes to show just how much suicide has increased in the last few years.Read MoreMusician Suicide1512 Words   |  7 PagesMusician Suicide Ross A. Hudson Bryant University Suicide is an ongoing issue is society today. Every day, individuals take their own lives when the struggles of life become too much as well as a number of other reasons. But while to the general public suicide is a big enough problem, it seems to be only a bigger problem when it comes to musicians and other celebrities. one of the most famous cases happened 20 years ago when lead singer of Nirvana Kurt Cobain took his own life, leaving manyRead MoreCorrelation Between Suicide Rates And Cyberbullying1332 Words   |  6 PagesCorrelation Between Suicide Rates and Cyberbullying The twenty first century is roaring, and the use of technology sweeps across the nation like a pandemic. The American lifestyle is being consumed by electronics. Due to the increase of technology, childhood is rapidly transforming and evolving. No longer do children only thrive in fresh air and on playdates, but also with tech savvy gadgets and computers. Children are currently part of a digital generation that has sprouted in a world immersedRead MoreCorrelation Between Suicide Rates And Cyberbullying1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Gray Cervelloni Eng 121, Section 3 26 September 2016 Correlation Between Suicide Rates and Cyberbullying The 21st Century is roaring, and the use of technology sweeps across the nation like a pandemic. The American lifestyle is being consumed by electronics. Due to the increase of technology, childhood is rapidly transforming and evolving. No longer do children only thrive in fresh air and on playdates, but also with tech savvy gadgets and computers. Children are currently part of a digitalRead MoreThe Death Of The Cemetery Workers Strike1747 Words   |  7 PagesAnother example of there being correlations between death and religion, and even a foreshadowing of future death, is when Mr. Lisbon is discussing the cemetery workers strike. He laments cremation as being a heathen practice, and against the idea of reincarnation. Mary would later attempt suicide by sticking her head in the oven. Whilst it wasn’t an attempt at full cremation, it was still an attack on the father’s religious beliefs. Mary was attempting to make her last action be her rebellion againstRead More Essay about Medicating Mental Illnesses1142 Words   |  5 Pages450 million people in the world currently are suffering from a mental illness, many untreated, the topic still remains taboo in modern society (Mental Health). For years, people with mental illnesses have been shut away or institutionalized, and despite cultural progression in many areas, mental illnesses are still shamed and rarely brought to light outside of the psychiatric community. The many different forms in which mental illness can occur are incredibly prevalent in the world today, and thereRead MoreSuicide : Suicide And Depression1389 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide and Depression in Prisons Suicide is the leading cause of death in prisons across the United States (Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, Fazel, 2011). According to the United States Department of Justice, nearly 23% of state prisoners report symptoms of depression each year (Pardini et al., 2014). With, one out of seven inmates met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (Pardini et al., 2014). Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, and Fazel (2011) proposed that probable representations ofRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with a failed continuum of care plans and a lack of community mental health services have been major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinical

Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) Free Essays

Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) In explaining the historical development of the personnel function of the Hr manager, I will begin by giving a brief description of the 6 different types of personnel manager: The Social Reformer Before personnel emerged as a specialist management activity at the beginning of the 20th century there were those who intervened in industrial affairs to support the severely under privileged factory workers. The Acolyte of benevolence The first people appointed with specific responsibility for improving the lot of the employees were welfare officers who saw there role as dispensing benefits to the deserving and unfortunate employees. The motivation was the christian charity of paternalist employers who provided these comforts, partly because employees deserved them, but mainly because he was willing to provide them. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Humane Bureaucrat The first 2 phases were concerned predominantly with the physical environment of the work and the amelioration of hardship among â€Å"the workers† . As organisations increased there size, specialisation was emerging in the management levels as well as on the shop floor. This led to the growth of personnel work on staffing the organisation, with great concern about role specification, selection. Training and placement. The consensus negotiator Personnel managers next added expertise in bargaining to there repetoire of skills. Where the personnel manager could at best be described as a remembrancer of the employees the trader union official could be their accredited representative. Organization man Then came a development of the humane bureaucracy phase into preoccupation with the effectiveness of the organization as a whole, which should have clear objectives and a wide spread commitment among organisation members to those objectives. The approach was also characterised by candour between members and a form of operation supporting the integrity of the individual and providing opportunities for personal growth. Manpower Analyst The last distinct historical stereotype was the manpower analyst. The humane bureaucrat was concerned to get a good fit between a particular worker and a particular job: Employees were individuals. Next I will give a brief outline of the different eras in the development of the Hr manager in Ireland. 1940s and 1950s: The Welfare Stage It is difficult to pinpoint exactly when personnel management first appeared in Ireland. Barrington (1980:90) indicates that a personnel function had been established in the civil service after the First World War, but its official recognition in the private sector is probably best dated from the setting up of an Irish branch of the Institute of Labour Management, the forerunner of the Institute of Personnel Management (IPM), in Dublin in 1937. The meetings of the Institute of Labour Management were held in the recreation hall attached to the Jacob’s Biscuit Factory and were attended by a small group of individuals, mainly women, who acted as welfare supervisors in Dublin factories such as Wills, Maguire and Patersons, Williams and Woods and Jacob’s. These companies had strong Quaker traditions and were concerned with the health and well-being of their employees. The second issue which emerges from an analysis of the foundations of personnel management is its dominance in the early years by women. This appears to have resulted in difficulties for both men and women intent on careers in personnel management. For men there was the worry of developing a career in a profession with a female image. However, for many men this dilemma was resolved by the industrial relations focus which was to emerge in the 1970s in which bargaining and negotiating with trade unions became very much a male preserve and one with a much more dynamic image. For women the incursion of men into personnel management has created long-term problems. The 1960s: Growth and DevelopmentPersonnel management grew slowly in the 1950s and 1960s in Ireland; then as now the fate of personnel function was inextricably entwined with economic developments The 1970s: The Industrial Relations EraPersonnel management grew steadily during the late 1960s and early 1970s. A survey by the Irish Management Institute (Gorman et al. , 1974) estimated that the number of personnel managers working in firms with over 20 employees increased from around 100 to about 400 between 1964 and 1973. Throughout the 1970s this growth continued so that by 1981 there were an estimated 770 private sector firms with a designated personnel office. The main areas of activity associated with the personnel function were outlined in a submission by the IPM to the Commission: manpower planning; recruitment and selection; employee evaluation, training and development, career development promotion etc. ; remuneration and benefits; industrial relations (i. e. policy and practices in relationships with unions and union representatives, procedure agreements covering recognition, disputes, grievances, redundancy, etc. negotiations with full-time officials and with shop stewards); employee communications and consultation; organisation development (i. e. organisation and job design, various approaches to securing higher employee involvement and motivation, opinion surveys and survey feedback, etc. ); personnel administration – contracts, attendance, turnover, medical and welfare facilities, safety at work, employee performance indices etc. The 1980s: Cost CutterBy the 1980s, personnel departments were well established in Irish organisations. A survey by Murray (1984: 21) of 141 manufacturing firms found that 74 per cent had a personnel function and that the status of the personnel function appeared confirmed with many personnel managers having access to top management decisions. The economic difficulties of this decade are reflected in the themes of the IPM’s annual conferences. In 1983 this was ‘Survival Management’; in 1984 it was ‘Job Loss: the Price of Being Competitive’; in 1985: Social and Political Change: the Implications for Personnel Management; in 1986 ‘The Uncertain Future’; and in 1987 ‘Meeting the Challenge’. The 1990s: Strategic Planner and Business ManagerThe 1990s have seen attention turn to the roles that the personnel practitioner might play as business manager and human resource specialist, these roles involving an active contribution to ‘competitive advantage’. The historical analysis of the development of the personnel management role raises several critical issues. Is there a dominant role in Irish organisations in the mid 1990s? Do the roles which have developed over time co-exist or have some disappeared? Are some roles better than others and, if this is the case, better for whom? A superficial analysis of the situation suggests that there has been a great deal of continuity in personnel management over the years and that the issues that have concerned the personnel manager and the personnel profession have remained remarkably constant, although perhaps portrayed using very different language. The analysis has revealed that many of the challenges facing the personnel practitioner have remained constant and the need to manage the employment relationship, no matter the terminology that is used to describe this relationship, is one which is central to the personnel role. The management of the psychological contract as a critical issue for the 1990s may represent for the personnel profession a return to its roots. Now we’ll examine the emergence of the Hr manager as a professional. Some industry commentators call the Human Resources function the last bastion of bureaucracy. Traditionally, the role of the Human Resource professional in many organizations has been to serve as the systematizing, policing arm of executive management. In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road block by much of the rest of the organization. The importance of the human resource function has become evident especially with the onset of global competition. Not only do human resource managers have to think more strategically and in step with corporate planning managers, they have had to address real and hard issues about the impact of intense competition on employment stability. It is one thing to think with executives on how the human resource section can support corporate activities. It is another to actually implement cost-savings policies with regards employment. The role of the Hr manager must parallel the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptive, resilient, quick to change direction and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. HR directors, and occasionally HR managers, may head up several different departments that are each led by functional or specialized HR staff such as the training manager, the compensation manager, or the recruiting manager. Human Resources staff members are advocates for both the company and the people who work in the company. Consequently, a good HR professional performs a constant balancing act to meet both needs successfully. The role of the HR professional is changing. In the past, HR managers were often viewed as the systematizing, policing arm of executive management. Their role was more closely aligned with personnel and administration functions that were viewed by the organization as paperwork. When you consider that the initial HR function, in many companies, comes out of the administration or finance department because hiring employees, paying employees, and dealing with benefits were the organization’s first HR needs, this is not surprising. In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road block by much of the rest of the organization. The role of the HR manager must parallel the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change direction, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. At the same time, especially the HR Generalist, still has responsibility for employee benefits administration, often payroll, and employee paperwork, especially in the absence of an Hr assistant. Depending on the size of the organization, the HR manager has responsibility for all of the functions that deal with the needs and activities of the organization’s people including these areas of responsibility. David O’Callaghan Carrigaline 2009 How to cite Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland), Papers

Ode to a nightingale by john k Essay Example For Students

Ode to a nightingale by john k Essay The Poem Ode to A Nightingale by John Keats is a unique poem, written sometime during the 1815- 1820s while he was visiting at a friends house.This Romantic Age poem is well known for the way it is written. The main writing style Keats uses is imagery. This style is an excellent example of poetry writing in the Romantic Age, particulary its references to Greek mythological images and thecelebration of natural enviroment. In the first part of the poem Keats forms a mental pictureof a hemlock,which signifies a poisonous herb. He also creates a picture of a river of forgetfulness in Hades. Basically, the imageryKeats uses is that of Greek mythology and a fantasy world. In a different perspective, it is the end of ones life. Keats paints a picture , the desire to end ones life in a peaceful enviroment that is created by the Nightingales song and light, and smells of the enviroment. In the first five lines of the poem the narrator shows thathe hears the nightingale. As he hears the nightingale, his heart aches and he feels drugged from the song and the beauty of trees andplants. After a minute, he forgets about the nightingale. In lines five through twenty-five he is he joyous the nightingales ability to sing about summer. From the nightingales singing, the narrator becomes too happy because the nightingale can express its happiness that summer has arrived. The narrator says that he wants to have a drink, cool and tasting, like flowers. He would forget the world , fade away with the nightingaleinto the forest. To create this Romantic image, Keatscompares the nightingale to a light-winged Dryad and refers to the tasting of flora snd Provelcal Song.

The Olympic Games Essays - Panhellenic Games, Multi-sport Events

The Olympic Games The Olympic Games are a tradition of athletic events that take place every four years. They are a custom that was started many years ago, but are currently taken for granted. People from all over the world tune their televisions and radios to watch and listen to the events, but never question their existence. When were the Olympic games started? What was the first event? How did it grow? Where were the first games held? Why did they start? Did they have any political, social, or religious meanings? The games started about 3,500 years ago in the country of Greece. The first games were not called the Olympic games but the Classical games. They were held every four years as they are today. They were different from today's games, in that they were held at four different city-states. At each city-state, the games were given different names. They were the Olympic Games, held at Olympia; the Pythian Games at Delphi; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games at Corinth. These games later spread to over 150 cities as far as Rome, Naples, Odessus, Antioch, and Alexandria. Olympia still has records of its champions over 776 BC to AD 217. The champions of Olympia came from about a dozen cities in Greece, but mainly from Sparta and Athens. The first Olympic Games only consisted of one event. The first event was a stade won by Coroebus of Elis. A stade was a foot race of about 210 yards. Later, horse racing was added next followed by a long-distance race, wrestling, and the pentathlon. The first games held in Olympia were in honor of Zeus. The games, like all the Greek games, was an intrinsic part of a religious festival. Religion was the basis of a tradition that has out lasted time. All the games held in Greece were in the honor of one of their acknowledged gods. The first Olympic Games lasted only one day, but with the addition of events, the games were extended to four days of events and the fifth day was dedicated to a religious closing. All the events were competed in the total nude. This was to glorify the gods. It was a symbol of the perfect and pure body being offered to the god. Religion was a major part of the Greek culture. Thus, when games were held in tribute to gods they were well attended. Evidence proves that the games were grand celebration throughout Greece. There was even a sacred truce, or ekecheiria, that guaranteed athletes, officials, and spectators safe passage to Olympia. The carrying of the torch was a very religious event. It consisted of runners racing through the city attempting to lay a burning torch at the feet of the altar of the designated god. The winner was held with high regards. Religious ceremonies often followed the race. Even though the Olympic Games were held for religious reasons, most that we do not know, the torch race was never practiced during the games. The awards given to the athletes were far from expensive, but they were very honorable. The winner received crown of olive branches intertwined that was placed on the victors head. They were no ordinary olive branches, though, they were cut from the sacred olive tree. No one knows for sure where the tree was located, but many assume it was located in the coliseum. The coliseum was also designed to worship the gods. It contained a huge altar of Zeus at one end looking over everything. On his sides were small altars of less significant gods and goddess. Located in the middle of the track were many more gods and goddess with even less importance. So even the architectural work of the games had religious meanings inscribed in them. Even though the Olympics were founded on religion, like everything else, it changed to a matter of fame and fortune. The awards for the winners were initially more honorable than monetary. This, however, changed over the years. An athlete ran for the pride of his city-state, and in return the city-state took care of its winners. The games were financed and officiated by one man, usually a very wealthy individual. When one of the athletes from his city-state won he rewarded them with great wealth and fame. Other winners became jealous of the monetary awards. In return for their services, they demanded a ransom from their city-states when they were victorious. Some

The Scarlett Letter Essays (1445 words) - English-language Films

The Scarlett Letter Essays (1445 words) - English-language Films The Scarlett Letter The Effective Use of Symbolism The novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an intriguing account of a Puritan community that experiences a breakdown in beliefs. The story deals with a woman, Hester, who commits adultery with a Calvinistic minister resulting in the birth of a child (Martin 110). As compensation for her crime of passion and her refusal to name her lover, Hester is sentenced to wear an embroidered scarlet letter on her bosom. It is this letter, or secret sin, that becomes the emphasis of the novel and assumes many different roles (Martin 111). Hawthorne starts the novel by portraying the literary reality associated with the different aspects of the letter (Martin 110). From the start, Hawthorne seems to say, this is a scarlet letter; because of that, it is capable of further meaning. The letter will have to carry the burden of the tale (Martin 111). Hawthornes use of symbolism is fully developed in the multi-meanings hidden in the scarlet letter through a variety of characters. The scarlet letter represents different ideals to different people and should be given the proper consideration (Martin 114). In the Puritan community, the letter is viewed as a moral obligation to inform others of Hesters sin, one that they feel should be dragged out into the sunshine (Hawthorne 43). They believe the letter symbolizes psychological and religious truth. The Puritans are a people amongst whom religion and law were almost identical, and in whose character both were so thoroughly Foti 2 interfused, that her mildest and severest acts of public discipline were alike made venerable and awful (Hawthorne 40). It is said that meager, indeed, and cold, was the sympathy that a transgressor might look for, from such bystanders at the scaffold (Hawthorne 40). The Puritans are firmly against Hesters actions and feels that she has disgraced them along with herself. They feel that she must take responsibility for her actions. The effect of her punishment however is not what the Puritans had hoped to achieve. Hesters sin has grown from that of passion to one of purpose. Even with Hesters sympathetic attitude, she was not filled with regret and therefore the letter had not done its task (Martin 122). To the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter contains a whole new meaning. He views the letter as a constant reminder of his sin and cowardice. His guilt continues to grow as a result of his not being able to come forth in front of the community and take responsibility for his actions. His guilt and sin become magnified by his inability to stand beside Hester at the scaffold. Dimmesdale, also is ironically charged with questioning Hester and trying to convince her of the importance of identifying her fellow sinner (Hawthorne 52). He begins to feel more and more grief and it begins to affect his mental and physical state. He soon becomes weak; however, it is believed by the community to be because of his too unreserved self-sacrifice to the labors and duties of the pastoral relation (Hawthorne 80). When Dimmesdale is believed to be near death, the community again believes it is because the world was not worthy to be any longer trodden by his feet (Hawthorne 88). Dimmesdale se ems to be haunted by Satans emissary, in the guise of old Roger Chillingworth. This diabolical Foti 3 agent had the Divine permission, for a season, to burrow into the clergymans intimacy and plot against his soul (Hawthorne 94). Chillingworth proposes to Dimmesdale that a sickness, a sore place, if we may so call it, in your spirit, hath immediately its appropriate manifestation in your bodily frame (Hawthorne 99). However, Dimmesdale denies and refuses to discuss it with him. Dimmesdale becomes weaker and weaker because by the constitution of his nature, he loved the truth, and loathed the lie, as few men ever did. Therefore, above all things else, he loathed his miserable self! (Hawthorne 105). Before Dimmesdales death, he finally confesses to his sin on the scaffold and frees his soul and conscience. Spectators have testified to seeing on the breast of the unhappy minister, a SCARLET LETTERthe very semblance of that worn by Hester Prynneimprinted in the flesh (Hawthorne 182).

Social Media Copywriting Guide How to Be a Social Word Ninja

Social Media Copywriting Guide How to Be a Social Word Ninja The social media world is noisy. With more than 30 billion pieces of content shared per month on Facebook  alone, you’ve got a lot of competition for people’s attention. In order to cut through the static, you need to wield your words wisely. That means writing posts that stand out from the clutter and speak directly to what your audience wants. Easier said than done. The key to success starts with sharp writing skills. And by the time you’re done with this post, you’ll be a social media copywriting master. The Best Social Media Copywriting Guide to Be a Social Word NinjaDownload Your Free Social Media Copywriting Resource Bundle Writing from scratch can be tough. Thats why weve bundled together some resources to help spark your creativity. 90 Social Media Post Templates to give you some starting points for crafting your own content. Social Media Campaign Content Template to write and organize an entire campaigns worth of posts. 2017 Social Media Marketing Calendar to plan and schedule all your posts on one spreadsheet. Introducing the Social Message  Optimizer from We recently rolled out a new tool called the Social Message  Optimizer. Similar to our popular Headline Analyzer, it makes it easy to quickly gauge the effectiveness of your social media post (before you hit publish). Enter your copy, click a button, and see your message score. Try it yourself here. Why Is Writing Well Important for Social Media? Posting on social media is easy. It doesn’t take much effort to write up a quick post with a link and call it a day. On the other hand, crafting compelling copy that encourages engagement is tough. It takes skill and thoughtfulness to write strong posts. But when you have to write tons of posts for each network you’re on, sometimes it’s easier to cut corners. Don’t give into that temptation. If social media is important to your business, then invest in the time and resources it takes to do it right. You’ll see a difference in your results. That’s what you’re after, right? If social media is important to your business, then invest in the time and resources it takes to do...Start By Understanding the Mechanics Before we get into actual tips, formulas, and templates, let’s dig into some basic technical considerations for writing posts on different social platforms. Know Your Character Limits Every social network has a character limit. On some networks, this number is much higher than necessary for you to get your point across. On others (namely Twitter), you’re forced to focus on concision. Do you know the character limits for each social network?To Hashtag, or Not to Hashtag †¦ Hashtags are somewhat misunderstood. Each network has different best practices for their use. Know what they are. Recommended Reading: How to Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying Understand the Purpose of Each Social Network Before you start writing copy for each social network, you need to know why people use those networks in the first place. This should guide how you approach crafting posts and choosing which content to share on any given platform. Recommended Reading: How to Develop a Winning Social Media Content Strategy (Free Template) Define Your Voice + Tone It’s important to understand voice and tone for creating a consistent experience for your audience on social media. Give it Some Feeling With Emotional Language Emotion drives engagement. So, infuse more emotional language into your social media posts. Start with this useful cheat sheet of emotional power words compiled from copywriter Karl Stapp: Recommended Reading: How to Write Emotional Headlines That Get More Shares 6 Basic Copywriting Formulas That Work Well on Social Media Many copywriting fundamentals still apply on social media. That includes common time-tested formulas (which most seasoned marketers should be familiar with). There are a lot more copywriting formulas out there. A simple Google search will help you find tons more quickly. However, not all of them are easily applied to social media, specifically. So, we’ve pulled together a small selection here to help you tweet, post, and share with flair. PAS (Problem, Agitate, Solve) This old warhorse has been a copywriting staple for decades. There’s a good reason for that, too. Here's how it works: State a problem. Your audience probably has no shortage of them. Agitate that problem. Rub salt in the wound. Roll out the solution. This is where you ride in with the solution, and the crowd goes (metaphorically, at least) wild. Example: Your car won’t start. You’ve got an appointment in 15 minutes. Call Cool Cabs. Bridge After Bridge Wouldn’t life be better if everyone used your product? This formula is all about stating that case to your audience. Show your audience what life is like right now. Make sure it’s not too impressive (yet). Then, explain how that world could be made better. The secret? It involves your product. Next, show them how your product or service can make that world a reality. Example: Stuck scheduling social media manually? There has to be a better way. Enter . AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) Here’s another classic. It’s similar to the first two we’ve looked at, but provides a clear path from getting someone’s interest and directing them toward a specific action. Get your audience’s attention. This could be with your post copy or headline. Stoke their interest. Provide some details to get them interested in learning more. Generate desire. Show your reader how much life could be better if they just †¦ †¦ take action. Give them a clear call-to-action to learn more. Example: 10,000% growth? It’s possible. And it can be yours. See how. 4 C’s (Clear, Concise, Compelling, Credible) We like this formula for its simplicity. It also describes what most every social media post should be, ideally. Clear. Avoid using overly complex language or sentence structures. Concise. Keep it brief. This is good advice for writing on social media, in general. Compelling. Be interesting and relevant to your audience. Credible. Make sure you can back up your claims. Also, create posts around topics that you’re truly an authority on. Example:Every project. One tool. See what makes the industry’s best-selling calendar. 4 P’s (Picture, Promise, Prove, Push) Here’s another four-letter formula, this time with P’s instead of C’s. Picture. Set the scene. On social media, you can do this literally with your post image. Promise. Commit to giving your readers something they’re interested in. Prove. Then, prove you can deliver on that promise. Push. Next, give them a subtle shove to click and take the next step. Example: Your marketing. Less hassle. How? Try free for 14 days. The â€Å"Open Loops† Technique Don’t tell all of the story in one post. Instead, create a gap that builds suspense using â€Å"open loops.† This entails giving people a hint about the beginning and the end, while leaving readers curious about how you got from point A to point B. According to Buffer’s Kevan Lee, â€Å"Open loops are rooted in psychology. We need closure in our lives, and when we don’t get this closure, we feel anxiety, which spurs us to get closure, to find out more, to keep reading.† Example: This dog is stuck on the roof. How he got there is the real story. Need inspiration for your #social #media copy? Start with these #copywriting formulas:55  Fill-in-the-Blank Social Media Writing Templates We’ve covered the technical considerations for each network, and provided some simple formulas you can follow. Next, let’s move onto to some easy-to-use templates you can use to write actual social media posts. Given that these are templates, they’re not wildly creative, and may require some tweaking to fit your messaging. However, they should give you a decent starting point for crafting your own copy. They might even help get your own creative gears turning, too. 10 Facebook Post Templates With organic reach declining, strong writing skills are more important than ever on Facebook. Your posts need to inspire action and motivate audiences to click, comment, and share, but without sounding overly promotional (more on that last point in our next section). How can [YOUR AUDIENCE] do [ACTION] better with [YOUR PRODUCT/SERVICE]? [INSERT PROBLEM]? We’ve got your solution. Do [INSERT TASK] better. [INSERT PROBLEM] sucks. [INSERT YOUR PRODUCT/SERVICE ] doesn’t. What’s your favorite [INSERT PRODUCT] feature? How can [INSERT PRODUCT] make [INSERT TASK] easier? What’s your top [INSERT TASK] tip? [INSERT ACHIEVEMENT] in just [INSERT LENGTH OF TIME]? The best [INSERT TECHNIQUE] for [INSERT TASK] isn’t what you think. Your [INSERT TASK] could be this easy, too. [INCLUDE PHOTO OF COMPLETED TASK]. Write better #Facebook posts with these social media templates:10 Twitter Tweet Templates (Say That Ten Times Fast) When you only have 140 characters to work with, then every word counts. Keep your Twitter copy brief, punchy, and entertaining. That feeling when [INSERT ACTION]. #[INSERT HASHTAG] How we increased our [INSERT METRIC] by [INSERT PERCENTAGE] with [INSERT SOMETHING UNEXPECTED]. Time’s running out! Sign up for [INSERT EVENT] by [INSERT DATE]. #[INSERT HASHTAG] Here’s how we [INSERT ACHIEVEMENT] (and you can too). #[INSERT HASHTAG] Here’s what [INSERT CREDIBLE SOURCE] uses to [INSERT TASK] by [INSERT PERCENTAGE]. Great news! You can now [INSERT ACTION] with [INSERT PRODUCT]. Could using [INSERT PRODUCT] to #[INSERT TASK] improve [INSERT METRIC]? [INSERT PERCENTAGE] of [INSERT AUDIENCE] use [INSERT PRODUCT] to [INSERT TASK] more [INSERT BENEFIT]. Be one of them. Still doing [INSERT TASK] the old way? No more [INSERT PROBLEM]. Say hello to [INSERT PRODUCT/SERVICE/FEATURE]. Write better tweets posts with these social media templates:10 LinkedIn Post Templates LinkedIn is a professional network. So, make sure your posts reflect this. Keep your content free from fluff and stay focused on appealing to professionals in your industry. What makes [INSERT YOUR COMPANY] the best [INSERT COMPANY TYPE] in the [INSERT INDUSTRY]? How did [INSERT YOUR COMPANY] achieve [INSERT ACHIEVEMENT] with [INSERT SOMETHING UNEXPECTED]? Be the best at [INSERT TASK] with this [INSERT CONTENT TYPE] from [INSERT SOURCE]. The best [INSERT AUDIENCE] need the best [INSERT PRODUCT/SERVICE]. We had a problem with [INSERT PROBLEM]. So, we solved it with [INSERT PRODUCT/SERVICE]. Could this work for you, too? [INSERT AUDIENCE] often struggle with [INSERT TASK]. Here’s how [INSERT PRODUCT/SERVICE] turns [INSERT TASK] from failure to success. The old way: doing [INSERT TASK] by [INSERT ACTION]. The new way? [INSERT PRODUCT/SERVICE]. Stop struggling. Start succeeding. This post will show you how. [INSERT LINK] [INSERT TASK] + [YOUR PRODUCT] = results. What makes [YOUR COMPANY] the best place to work? Ask [INSERT EMPLOYEE]: [INSERT TESTIMONIAL] Write better #LinkedIn posts with these social media templates:10 Instagram Caption Templates Instagram is a highly visual platform. However, captions present an opportunity to give context for your images. You’ll need to use your own best judgment to match these up with relevant images (and if you need image stock to work with, we’ve got 80+ for you in this post). That Friday feeling. [INSERT PHOTO] [INSERT HASHTAGS] Shout out to [INSERT FOLLOWER’S HANDLE] for this awesome pic! [INSERT PHOTO] Love [INSERT PRODUCT/HOBBY/TREND/ETC]? Then you’ll love this. [INSERT PHOTO] [INSERT CUSTOMER TESTIMONIAL] [INSERT CUSTOMER PHOTO] Later, [INSERT PROBLEM]. [INSERT PHOTO] Wish you were here? [INSERT PHOTO OF LOCATION] Here’s one way to get the job done. [INSERT PHOTO] We spotted [INSERT YOUR PRODUCT] in the wild! [INSERT PHOTO] If you worked here, this could be you [INSERT OFFICE PHOTO] What’s going on at [INSERT YOUR COMPANY] today? Write better #Instagram posts with these social media templates:15 General Social Media Post Templates Here are some bonus templates we’ve pulled together without any specific network in mind. Try using them as a base for your posts with our Social Message Optimizer and see how you do. How you’ll feel when you [do something]. Are you [doing something] like you should be? Here’s why you don’t need a [commonly held belief]. Want to [get something desirable]? {#} reasons your [something a majority of your audience typically has] sucks (and how to make it the best) Nothing is [commonly held belief]. The secret to [someone desirable] lies in [unexpected advice]. [Influencer] said, [quote]. Here’s how to do it. What if you could [get something desirable] while [getting something desirable]? [Do something] to [get something desirable]. Let’s be honest: No one has enough time to [do something]. Smart {audience} do this. Want to [experience something desirable]? Here is the [way to get it]. Turns out [something desirable] is actually [something humorous]. There’s bound to be a [something desirable] for you. Have you noticed anything different about [something audience commonly does]? Write better social media posts with these fill-in-the-blank templates:5 Brands Writing Well on Social Media BMW Did you know BMW has more Facebook fans than any other brand? Strong writing plays a part in that. Check out this post for an example: A natural beauty. The new BMW 4 Series Coupà ©. Posted by BMW on  Monday, April 10, 2017 It’s punchy, clever, and promotes their 4 Series Coupe without being pushy. In other words, it’s a perfect Facebook post for a retail or automotive brand. Microsoft Microsoft has undergone a remarkable branding transformation over the past several years. More than just the company that makes your office software, they’re now showing they want to be exciting and forward-thinking. Let’s take a look at this tweet for an example: Turn up your creativity with these partner updates for your #SurfaceDial. Learn more: https://t.co/6duytnWpXZ pic.twitter.com/1Di80qFP24 - Surface (@surface) April 10, 2017 It’s clear, concise, and includes an appropriate call-to-action. The image and link headline also help provide additional context to compel users to click. Gary Vaynerchuk You don’t have to be a marketer to know and respect Gary Vaynerchuk. He does an incredible job at creating inspirational content that, well, is actually inspirational (here’s a writing tip: stop slapping quotes from famous people on irrelevant nature photos). Instead, do what Vaynerchuk does and write your own motivational messaging. This example is great because it’s fill-in-the-blank format naturally encourages engagement: Fill in the blank A post shared by Gary Vay-Ner-Chuk (@garyvee) on Apr 10, 2017 at 1:01pm PDT Arby’s Few brands are on Arby’s level. The company digs deep to create creative posts narrowly targeted at specific interests (in this case, weightlifting): Is it really that hard to re-rack? pic.twitter.com/80vY64BTLZ - Arby's (@Arbys) March 18, 2017 The post is short, clever, and entertaining. It feels like something people would naturally want to like, share, and comment on. There’s no hard sell pushing people to go to Arby’s, either, and it works 1,000%* (*not a real statistic) better because of it. Their marketing research page for franchisees  also includes some background information on how infusing humor into their social media presence has accelerated their results. SB Nation What if you’re a publisher or media company, rather than a brand or service company? SB Nation, Vox Media’s popular sports vertical, shows how to weave strong storytelling skills into less than 140 characters. Here’s an example that creates intrigue by using an unusual fact to generate interest: The first NFL Draft pick never signed a contract or played a single down. pic.twitter.com/YbMkpp8dje - SB Nation (@SBNation) April 11, 2017 3 Social Media Writing Traps to Avoid Marketers often get stuck in some common writing pitfalls on social media. Follow these tips to make sure you avoid undermining all your hard work. Ditch Promotional Posts on Facebook In late 2014, Facebook cracked down on promotional posts. This means organic posts that sound too much like ads (or worse, outright SPAM) will be demoted in the newsfeed. Break this rule, and you can expect your organic reach to drop precipitously. Here’s an example of a promotional post from Facebook: Everything about this example feels like an ad, and not the sort of content people want organically in their newsfeeds. Notice this post directly pushes users toward a link to buy a product, too. Here’s another example: This example is similar, pushing users to download an app. As an advertisement, there’s nothing interesting or engaging about it. Don’t Cross-Post Under some circumstances, you might be able to reuse post copy from one network, on another. In general, though, we’d advise against this. That’s because best practices and audience expectations differ on each network. Your short and punchy Facebook post might not do as well on LinkedIn, for example, and your hashtag-loaded tweet certainly won’t play well on Facebook.

Financial Management Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Management Assignment - Essay Example The majority stakeholders were Vodafone Group Plc and Verizon Communications holding 45 percent and 55 percent stakes respectively. In the past both groups have tried to acquire higher stake in the entity. But the negotiations between them failed multiple times due to failure in arriving at right price for the deal. At one point of time Verizon suspended dividend payout to Vodafone for 6 years which many analysts perceive as a move that was aimed at pushing Vodafone to exit the venture. The primary reason for such motive was get higher ownership in Verizon Wireless that had become the third largest telecom entity in United States in very small amount of time. the negotiations regarding stake sale failed in the past because Verizon Communication estimated that true value of Verizon Wireless was approximately $100 billion and it was willing to pay this amount to Vodafone to exit the venture. But, Vodafone estimates that after including the intangible aspects and future potential of Ver izon Wireless in ever growing US and European markets should be much higher (approx $130 billion). Thus, the deal was successfully struck that was close to a decade in the making (Financial Times, 2013). The terms and conditions of the deal are so agreed upon between the two entities that the change in ownership structure will not impact the services to odd 100 million customers of Verizon Wireless. The stock markets reacted positively to the deal announcement. The share prices of Vodafone surged to 12 year high in the international stock markets thereby increasing shareholders’ wealth by taking total market capitalisation of the company to all new highs (Reuters, 2013). In contrast the share prices of Verizon Communications rose by approximately 3 percent on the day when Vodafone officially announced the deal. More specific details of the deal reveals that Vodafone will get about $59.8 billion in cash; remaining $60.1 billion

My Childhood in Budapest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Childhood in Budapest - Essay Example Because my mom and dad were interested in art, they enjoyed going there because of the Museum of Fine Arts and the Palace of Art, both of which were located nearby. It was probably going to these places so many times that sparked my own interest in artistic works. I may not have followed the career path of an artist, but I do enjoy making some sketches whenever I can. Another reason why Heroes’ Square is so special to me is that I first became accustomed to water at the Szà ©chenyi thermal baths. It took a little while to get used to the water, which was warm due to hot springs. The Danube Promenade was another area that I used to frequent quite a lot growing up in Budapest. My parents mostly liked to enjoy a coffee at one of the many cafes located alongside the river, but I preferred to enjoy the view of the water. One memory that I have in particular is me trying to outrun boats while I was on the sidewalk. Occasionally my parents would be so kind as to purchase a tram ticket so that we could all see the stunning views of the river winding through the city. Perhaps the most significant memory of my childhood was visiting the Buda Castle because of the history and tradition associated with this building. Although I was young and could not understand the context, I knew that his castle was an important part of Hungarian culture, and as a young Hungarian, it was my duty to learn about its history. The architecture was extremely detailed; however, the statues of mythical creatures freaked me out somewhat due to their ghastly appearance. The castle looked especially fantastic at night, and there was one occasion on my birthday where I remember witnessing the stunning views of the castle at night. Even though I have rarely been back to Budapest since I left, the city still holds a special place in my heart because I feel that I have connections there that are both physical and emotional.  

Jewish Festivals in Israel Essay Example for Free

Jewish Festivals in Israel Essay Jewish festivals are the days celebrated by Jews. Some Jewish festivals happen on the same date every year, while others move around within a range of dates. Here we have provided the dates of the Jewish religious holidays for calendar year 2009. All Jewish holidays begin in the evening after the sunset. Judaism is believed to be one of the worlds oldest religions. Jews believe there is one God who created and rules the world. Judaism believes that people have freewill and are responsible for the choices made. The Torah is the primary scripture of Judaism. Torah means teaching, is Gods revealed instructions to the Jewish People. Why is the Jewish Calendar a Lunisolar Calendar? (Lunisolar = follows the cycle of the moon I.E. lunar, and sun I.E. solar) Background and History The Jewish calendar is primarily lunar, with each month beginning on the new moon, when the first sliver of moon becomes visible after the dark of the moon. In ancient times, the new months used to be determined by observation. When people observed the new moon, they would notify the Sanhedrin. When the Sanhedrin heard testimony from two independent, reliable eyewitnesses that the new moon occurred on a certain date, they would declare the rosh chodesh (first of the month) and send out messengers to tell people when the month began. Who originally obtained the exclusive authority to fix the date for Jewish festivals prior to the establishment of the Jewish calendar? Before the establishment of a Jewish calendar, the identification and designation of Rosh Hodesh (new moon in Hebrew) for a given month was critical in fixing the dates for Jewish festivals for that month. The Jewish high court in Judea, known as the Sanhedrin, based in Jerusalem during Temple times, retained its centralized and exclusive authority for fixing the date of Rosh Hodesh as well as for adding an extra month when it deemed necessary, based on the condition of crops at the end of the 12th month. The Sanhedrin based its authority on the fact that if it didnt have the exclusive authority to fix new moon dates, then different Jewish communities would potentially celebrate festivals on different days. A new month on the Jewish calendar begins with the molad, (pronounced moh-LAHD). Molad is a Hebrew word meaning birth, and refers to what we call the new moon in English. The molad for the month of Tishri (the month that starts with Rosh Hashanah) is the most important one for calendar calculations, and is referred to as Molad Tishri.

The Laurel Falls Jump :: Personal Narrative Swimming Papers

The Laurel Falls Jump The water looked at least a mile away. How could I be up this high? It had only taken me minutes to hike up to this ledge. Maybe my weariness from the hike and swim had confused me, and I had not realized how long it took me to get here, or had the cliff actually gotten taller since the last time I was here? Whatever the reason, I knew this was higher than I wanted to be. How high was I really? Thirty feet, forty, one hundred feet even? What would Elaina think? Laurel Falls are beautiful waterfalls near Hampton, Tennessee about a thirty-minute drive from Johnson City. One of the best characteristics about Laurel Falls is that they are accessible and easy to find. This makes them a great place to take your friends, family, or girlfriend. Driving through Hampton, one can find a couple of different routes to take to the falls entrance. The first route is in close proximity with the town of Hampton. It is about a seven-mile hike one-way and has some treacherous trail to hike. The second route is much shorter. It is only about a mile and a half long and is a very manageable hike. The second route takes longer to get to because you have to drive farther into the mountains to reach the trailhead. Both routes connect with the Appalachian Trail. â€Å"From Johnson City, go northeast to Elizabethton. From Elizabethton, take RT 321 southeast to Hampton. In Hampton, follow signs to ‘Dennis Cove Recreation Area’. T his takes you onto Dennis Cove Rd. Go east on Dennis Cove Rd., winding up the mountain about 4-5 miles until it crosses the Appalachian Trail (AT), where there is a parking area on the left and an information sign. If you get to the Dennis Cove Campground, you have gone too far† (MikenMel). I had been to Laurel Falls many times before, and I thought that I knew a lot about them. Well I was in for a big surprise.

Finding Forrester †Opening Questions Essay

Q1. We learn about the type of people who live in the neighborhood. It sets up the stereotype of young black youth living in the Bronx, New York. It shows the setting as a city with high-rise buildings and people who are not in wealth. It shows the struggles they have to go thorough. Q2. The two main characters are Jamal and William Forrester. Jamal is a young African-American boy who lives in the Bronx. He is a very intelligent person and just does enough at school to not stand out because he knows his friends will not accept him for his intelligence. He does a test and receives test scores that show how smart he actually is. This catches attention from a private school and he is offered a scholarship. He clashes with William Forrester by the man looking out his window spying on Jamal and his friends playing basketball. Jamal breaks into his apartment and is scared of by William. His backpack falls off and is left in the apartment. William goes through his bag and emulates his writing pieces. The bag is given back to Jamal and he wants to be taught how to write better from William. Q3. It tells us how the boys speculate the window is ‘bad news’. They talk about how they should stay away from the window. They cogitate about a ghost in the window and come to a conclusion that some of the boys will go inside the apartment to see the mystery behind the window. Q4. We find out that the apartment is darkened and is not a friendly place. There are unusual items around the house and has been darkened on purpose to show us how it’s a mysterious place. This was done by the director to cause us to think it’s not a inviting place to live. Q5. It shows us that he knows how the man is judging him because of background where he is from and by his race’s past. It also shows us how intelligent Jamal is and how he is much smarter than his circumstances betray him. Q6. The director made us wait until 25 minutes to see the window because it builds suspense and questions the audience to think about what it is like. This makes the audience fall further into the movie causing them to keep their eyes glued onto the screen. This means the movie will keep them engaged and which makes people enjoy the movie much more. This means the movie will be a success.

Finding the Ratio of Mole of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction

Title: Finding the Ratio of Mole of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction Purpose of Lab: To find the coefficients of two chemical reactants that appears in a balanced chemical equation using the continuous variations method. Pre Lab Questions: 1. 2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) > 2KNO3(aq) + Ag2CrO4(s) 2. There is enough to make a valid conclusion because, on the graph, one can clearly see that the two lines intersect. Thus, one can also determine the mole ratio. The mole ratio is approximately 2:1 (AgNO? to K? Cr? ). Procedure: 1.Obtain 175mL of the bleach solution in a clean 400mL beaker and 175mL of Solution B in another beaker. 2. Measure the temperature of both solutions and record. The solutions should be the same temperature. If they are not, you will need to make a correction for the temperature difference. 3. Using a clean 10mL graduated cylinder, measure 5. 0m: of NaClO and pour the solution into a Styrofoam cup. Using a clean 50mL graduated cylinder, measure 45. 0mL of Solution B and add this to the Styrofoam cup. 4. Stir with a thermometer, and record the maximum temperature reached of the final solution in your data table. . Pour the solution out, rinse the cup and thermometer, and repeat steps 1-4 using a different ratio of the two substances, always keeping the volume at 50. 0mL. 6. Continue testing various ratios until you have at least three measurements on each side of the one that gave the greatest temperature difference. 7. Plot your data on a graph, ? T ? vs. Reactant volume (mL). 8. Draw two best fit straight lines, and determine where they intersect. Be sure to include the points at the 0:50mL and 50:0mL rations. If at any points do not fall close to the lines, repeat these measurements.Find the stoichiometric mole ration of reactants from the line of intersection on the graph. Data: Initial Temp of both: 23. 5? Na2SO3 (mL)| NaClO(mL)| Max. Temp. (? )| 45. 0mL| 5. 0mL| 28. 9? | 5. 0mL| 45. 0mL| 27. 5? | 25. 0mL| 25. 0mL| 42. 3? | 40. 0mL| 10. 0mL| 33 . 4? | 10. 0mL| 40. 0mL| 30. 9? | 30. 0mL| 20. 0mL| 43. 5? | 20. 0mL| 30. 0mL| 38. 6? | Conclusion: In this lab we found the coefficients of two chemical reactants that appeared in a balanced chemical equation using the continuous variations method. The mole ratio turned out to be 1:1.One can be able to find the correct mole ratio after plotting the results on a graph that showed the trend of change in temperature. Theory: The theory of this experiment was continuous variation because it gives the stoichiometric ratios for the correct chemical equation if one does them correctly. Error Analysis: Instead of keeping just one initial temperature for all the tests, to make it more accurate, we could have measured the initial temperature of the solutions before each reaction. The exactness of the thermometer could have altered our results. Related essay: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced LabAlso, there was an error in measuring the reactants using graduated cylinders. This most likely happened because graduated cylinders are not the most accurate way to measure a liquid. Post Lab Questions: 1. Different temperature changes occur when mixing different volumes of the two reactants. The experiment was made so the volume of solution and the total number of moles of reactants was a constant for all of  experiments, since temperature change was directly proportional to the amount of reactants. Therefore, the optimum ratio is the ratio of the volume of reactants.It consumed the greatest amount of reactants, formed the greatest amount of products, and generated the most heat and maximum temperature change 2. A constant volume of reactants must be kept in all trials so that the subsequent changes in temperature can be compared. They are proportional to the amount of reactants consumed in the reaction. 3. Ye s. The concentrations of  the two solutions must be the same in order for the stoichiometric mole ratio of the reactants to be accurate after the results of the trial are graphed because molar  concentration is moles of solute divided by liter of solution. . A limiting reagent is reactants in a chemical reaction that will be completely gone before all other reactants in the reaction are used up. This will also cause the reaction to stop. 5. Both measurements limit the precision of the data. The measurement of temperature limits the precision of the data to 3 significant figures. The thermometer used was able to be read to the tenths of a degree. On the other hand, the measurement of  volume limits the precision of the data to 2 significant figures.The graduated cylinders used, only could measure volume to the nearest mL and anything after that was an estimate. 6. The limiting reagent along the upward sloping line of the graph is Na? SO?. The limiting reagent along the downward slope line is NaClO. 7. Other physical properties that could be used in the method of continuous variation, besides temperature change, could be color change, the mass of a precipitate that forms, and/or the volume of a gas produced. 8.It is more accurate to use the point of intersection of the two lines to find the mole ratio rather than the ratio associated with the greater temperature change because one most likely did not use the exact mole ratio. Thus, the point of intersection is a more likely an average. Also, the maximum amount of each reactant might not have been used to get the highest temperature; the highest temp wouldn't necessarily have the highest mole to more ratios. 9. The average of the temperatures would be used as the initial temperature.Graph: Calculations: The intersection point was at approximately 28. 6 mL Na? SO3? and 21. 4 mL NaClO. Moles Na? SO3? = 0. 5 M(. 0286 L) = . 0143 moles Na? SO3? Moles NaClO = 0. 5 M(. 0214 L) = . 0107 moles NaClO .0143 moles Na? SO3? /. 0107 = 1. 34 moles Na? SO3? which rounds to the nearest whole number, 1 . 0107 moles NaClO/. 0107 = 1 mole NaClO The stoichiometric mole ratio is 1:1 for the reactants. The actual stoichiometric mole ratio for the reaction is 1:1.

How Diversity in Higher Education Affects Student Outcomes Professor Ramos Blog

How Diversity in Higher Education Affects Student Outcomes Summary In this report we will be discussing how diversity can impact student’s education outcomes in both a positive and negative matter. We will be looking at several studies from various scholars who have researched the topic and published their findings. While we review these studies, we will break down what it means for a student and how it can impact them. I will also use supporting evidence from first hand experiences from staff members of universities that face and see the issues surrounding diversity in higher education. First, we will look at history of higher education and diversity. Afterword’s we will move into how diversity can positively impact education, then we will move on to how it negatively impacts it. History of Diversity in Education Diversity is an issue that America has faced for hundreds of years and it affects every aspect of our life. Higher education is one of those aspects and a very important subject when it comes to diversity. For many years, prior to the massive black rights movements, discrimination was in a grey spot when it came to the law. Discrimination was illegal, but many states Jim Crow laws which allowed for separation by color, race and ethnicity. There were many loop holes in these laws and it was often used as a basis for legal discrimination of minorities. This impacted students who were considered minorities very heavily. They would be denied access to schools because it was a â€Å"white only school†. In 1954 a decision was made in the landmark court case Brown vs. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 1954. The decision is as follows; Segregation of White and Negro students based on race in accordance to state laws are against the Fourteenth Amendment. Although this law was intended for public schools, many universities followed it as well. This did however create a smaller problem that was later challenged in court. Universities were holding a specific number of seats for minority students sometimes students who were not as qualified would be admitted over better qualified students. In 1978 this was challenged in the court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265. This case decided that no applicant may be rejected because of his race, in favor of another who is less qualified, as measured by standards applied without regard to race. Although this is not a full proof way to make it fair, these cases allowed for a better and less race focused acceptance process to universities. Applicants to universities are not accepted based on race or ethnicity but on qualifications. Positive Impacts of Diversity in Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is great benefit to having diversity in education, especially in higher education. This exposes students to new world views and helps them see the other side of arguments in a more logical way. The first study we will discuss was conducted at UCLA from 1987-1991. The study involved roughly 4,300 students and faculty members from 309 predominantly white universities. The outcome of the study showed that when faculty introduced a more diverse curriculum in their classes, students did better and said they felt they learned more. Students felt that they were more accepting of people and worked better with them when they were from different backgrounds. The study indicates that â€Å"opportunities for interaction with diverse peers foster civic development †¦ and cultural knowledge and awareness† (Hurtado 198). The study also provides evidence that students who interacted with a more diverse group of peers, faculty and curricu lum â€Å"has a substantial positive effect on skills needed to function in a diverse society† (Hurtado 199). The study also looks at faculty and how a diverse faculty helps student outcomes. According to the study, when a university has a more diverse faculty, it helps students experience a more diverse curriculum because the professors of different backgrounds would require readings and discussions on racial, ethnic, gender and social issues (see table 1). Table 1 Percentage of male and female professors who had specific curriculum requirements that exposed students to diversity. Source: Linking Diversity and Educational Purpose: How Diversity Affects the Classroom Environment and Student Development† Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. 2001, Table 1. Negative Impacts of Diversity in Education Now that we have covered the positive impacts of diversity in education outcomes, let’s look at the negative impacts in can have. Even with laws helping to prevent discrimination in applications and acceptance, there is still discrimination in many forms. The two we are going to cover are called â€Å"exclusionary practices† and racial prejudice. First, we are going to look at exclusionary practices. This is when someone is excluding, from an activity or group, because of their background. It is not always done knowingly, it can happen on a sub conscience level. In Ibrahim Mohamad Karkouti research article he proposes â€Å"that higher education institutions still fail to embrace diversity and multiculturalism due to their conservative nature† (405). This means that although on paper institutions say they embrace diversity, it is sewn into their nature that they ignore diversity. It is not something the staff knowingly does, but it is something that tends to happ en especially in predominantly white institutions. An example of this would be that full-time faculty at universities are generally 17% minority while the remaining are white (Ibrahim 405). This leads to a less diverse curriculum; therefore, a student is exposed to other backgrounds and cultures less. This has the opposite effect of when a student is exposed to a more diverse curriculum, the student stays in their personal majority bubble and does not branch out into meeting students considered minority. The previous example shows how exclusionary practices work and why they are harmful. We will now talk about racial prejudice in universities. This is a subject that goes far beyond education, but in education is has a huge effect. In education the biggest type of racial prejudice is stereotyping. Students tend to stereotype anyone who is not from the same background as them. When choosing partners to work with or professors to take some students base it off race and how they stereot ype the persons background. What the student does not realize is they are only hurting their own development (Osa 5). This way of thinking stops the student from being exposed to different world views. As we previously discussed, students who are exposed to different world views tend to have a better outlook on the world and themselves. This shows in their education, as it is easier for the student to learn things from new perspectives when they are open minded. Conclusion We have covered 3 main topics in diversity in education. The history, the good and the bad. Overall diversity plays a large role in student outcome. Whether that outcome is positive or negative is up to the faculty and the student’s personal thoughts. When the faculty can expose a student to new ways of thinking and seeing different backgrounds and cultures, it greatly improves a student’s education and will help them far into the future. It is a very diverse world we live in and when a student is more prepared for that, they will have a higher chance of success. On the contrary, when a university fails to expose a student to different cultures and backgrounds and the student chooses to remain ignorant of them, it hurts the student’s education. The student will not be as prepared for the diverse career field they are most likely going into. Thus, they will be hindered from the start and need to learn to be accepting of another person’s background. Hurtado, Sylvia. â€Å"Linking Diversity and Educational Purpose: How Diversity Affects the Classroom Environment and Student Development† Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. 2001, pp 187-203. ERIC Institute of Education Services, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED456199 Karkouti, Ibrahim Mohamad. â€Å"Professional Leadership Practices and Diversity Issues in the U.S. Higher Education System: A Research Synthesis.† Education, vol. 136, no. 4, Jan. 2016, pp. 405–412. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ericAN=EJ1104195site=ehost-live. Osa, Justina O. â€Å"The Pervasiveness of Racial Prejudice in Higher Education in the U.S.: Raising Awareness and Solution.† Forum on Public Policy Online, vol. 2007, no. 3, Jan. 2007. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ericAN=EJ1099150site=ehost-live. Powell, Lewis F., Jr, and Supreme Court Of The United States. U.S. Reports: University of California Regents v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265. 1977. Periodical. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, loc.gov/item/usrep438265/. Warren, Earl, and Supreme Court Of The United States. U.S. Reports: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483. 1953. Periodical. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, loc.gov/item/usrep347483/.

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace

Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace Essay on Character Analysis of The Necklace This is an example essay on character analysis of The Necklace: Guy de Maupassant narrative of The Necklace is chilly and has a cruel irony effect. The suffering set forth in the story seems to have been needless, due to the fact of misunderstanding and petty pride in Mr. and Mrs. Loisel. The craftsmanship of the story had been masterfully manipulated to where the revelation was held until the very end of the story. Characters in a story can be classified as â€Å"dynamic† or â€Å"static†. Dynamic characters are characters that change as the story progresses. That is, they recognize, change with, or adjust to circumstances. Static characters, which can also be described as â€Å"flat†, are characters that are not well developed and remain fairly unchanged throughout the story. Usually static characters have minor roles in a story (e.g. co-workers, friends, policeman, etc.). Mathilde Loisel, the main character in â€Å"The Necklace† seems to be a very dynamic character, although some of her moods appear to stay with her longer than others. Many of the things she had imagined often were not considered by other women of her social rank, such as worn-out chairs, curtains, and boiled beef for dinner, tortured and filled her with despair. (3) Feeling as though she had once deserved to marry better, but was unable to obtain a well to do husband she settled for a marriage with a minor clerk in the Ministry of Education. She is described as to have suffered ceaselessly, according to her daily description of her lifestyle. She would often ease her suffering of being in a drab house by visiting with her rich friend, Mrs. Forrestier. Mrs. Loisel had often dwelt upon her fantasies of a more elaborate life. Her desire to be of a higher status and to possess nice valuable trinkets seemed to poison her very nature. Mr. Loisel notice that his wife is not satisfied with her lifestyle. Seeing how she daydreams of living in luxury they cannot afford. He becomes excited as he carries an invitation to go too a formal dinner with the Ministry of Education. He had worked hard to get recognized for his efforts. Not too many clerks were invited to such an occasion. (6) Mrs. Loisel becomes upset because she has nothing elegant to wear for such an occasion. By forcing a few tears and sadly confronting her husband about her misfortunate state, she is able to convince him that she needs an expensive dress for a once in a lifetime event. Mrs. Loisel tells her husband she will need about 400 francs to purchase a dress worthy enough to get the attention of the other people at the dinner. The price was slightly more the he expected but gave her the money to purchase it from his next summer’s vacation fund. Continuing with the emotion of self-pity, she develops into a greedy individual. The dress is not en ough on its own, she will need an elaborate necklace to draw attention to herself. Mathilde is able to obtain a rather lovely necklace from Mrs. Forrestier who has large amount jewelry. The night of the party, Mrs. Loisel was prettier than anyone else, stylish, graceful, smiling, and wild with joy. (53) She enjoys the immense amount of attention she is receiving. Mrs. Loisel is so caught up in her own self-centeredness that she totally forgets about her husband. She cares for nothing, but the moment she is in. The party ends in the early morning hours and Mrs. Loisel wants to leave in a hurry. She wants the people she met at the party to remember her as was. She conceals her true identity because she is embarrassed for who she really is. In the midst of a returning home after a grand evening she notices she has lost a costly possession†¦the necklace!! Mr. and Mrs. Loisel look through her dress, shawl, pockets, and retraced all their steps from the party. (65) They worried and fretted about the lost necklace offering a reward for its return. They realize the inevitable situation they are in and have to replace the necklace. They went from jeweler to jeweler, searching for an indistinguishable replacement. (90) The replacement would cost 36,000 francs. Mr. Loisel had 18,000 francs left to him by his father. The other half would take three days to acquire from various loan companies and friends. Mrs. Loisel returns the necklace and does not tell Mrs. Forrestier that it’s not the same one that she borrowed. Mrs. Loisel now has to work, along with her husband working late hours. She takes a job as a servant, cleaning house, washing dishes, and other heavy housework. (99) She rents out a servant’s quarter and learns what its like to be among the working class. During this time she becomes somewhat practical. Now she has experienced what is really like to be the wife of a clerk. The debt would take 10 years to pay back. After the 10 years she finds Mrs. Forrestier walking with her child. She notices that she is youthful and attractive. Mrs. Forrestier hardly recognizes her and regards her as a lowly working class woman. (110) She tells Mrs. Forrestier that she has just finished paying off the necklace that she had borrowed for the dinner. Sadly, in the end after all she has put herself and her husband through, she finds out that it was really in vain. Mrs. Forrestier tells her if she had only told her years ago, she would have only paid about five hundred francs because it was only costume jewelry. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on The Necklace from our professional essay writing service.

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lab Report Example However, severe malfunction of the heart and the nervous system can be caused by significant excess of the elements in the body. Abnormally high or low levels of sodium or potassium can be caused by excess use of diuretic drugs, poor diet or impaired kidney function. These conditions may lead to nausea, seizures, lethargy, irregular heartbeat, coma and even death in severe cases. Although cases of deliberate poisoning using sodium and potassium, they are readily and widely available in a salt form. Potassium chloride solution can be administered through intravenous injection and have been used in euthanasia and political assassinations. Sodium and potassium levels can be monitored using flame photometry. The analytical technique is a simple form of atomic spectroscopy that depends on the atomic emission process. The solution of the sample is drawn into a flame which is sufficiently hot to cause atomization and electronic excitation of certain elements. They emit visible radiation at wavelengths that are specific to that element as the atoms return to their ground state. The radiation is isolated by an appropriate filter and converted to an electrical current that is proportional to the intensity of the emitted radiation therefore determining the concentration of the element. Flame photometers are relatively cheap and portable but can only determine alkaline and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium barium and lithium (Chawla, 2003). This experiment is aimed to measure the concentrations of sodium and potassium by use of flame photometry in a range of samples in connection to fictitious criminal investigation. An 18 month old infant, Master Nathaniel Carbuncle, was admitted to a hospital intensive care unit suffering from nausea and fatigue, a slow heartbeat and weak pulse. The child was found to have an abnormal blood electrolyte

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chemistry - Essay Example Substances react differently depending on the pH they have. Solutions having very high or very low pH are corrosive and should be handled with care. Chemical reaction is the term used to define the process in which two or more substances combine together to form a product that is different from the elements it has constituted from or the breakdown of a compound into its elements. In other words any process which involves the sharing or transfer of electrons, is a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction takes place when the reactants possess sufficient energy known as the activation energy of the reaction. Depending on the reactants involved and the conditions present, the reaction can be exothermic or endothermic. Chemical reactions involving reactive elements mostly go to completion while in some gases an equilibrium condition is achieved in which the products and reactants are present in equal proportions. A chemical reaction results in a change of chemical composition of the substances taking part in the reaction which is sometimes also coupled by a physical change. For example the reaction between hydrogen and water is initia ted by a spark which provides the activation energy for the reaction. The two gases combine chemically to form a new product, water that is different in physical as well as chemical properties from its constituent

Interpersonal Relations in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interpersonal Relations in Management - Essay Example Creting idel imges of me nd the outer world is wht describes my personlity. I therefore, live in the present, nd reject who I m t the moment while concentrting who I wnt to be. Since it is impossible to rech the idel, I do not perceive the world s it is nd often disppoint in life. I my thus describe myself s nve person, but lso the one who enjoys life nd sees everything in the best colors. My ego-self is constntly judging nd rejecting its rising stte nd trying to fit itself into certin idel. It is not just being where it is nd llowing itself to unfold freely. s result, it does not understnd where it is for it is invested in being somewhere in prticulr, being certin wy, or in stisfying prticulr idel. nd even if this idel is tken from spiritul techings, the sme mechnism of ego ctivity is in opertion. Trpped in the ego-self, I do not trust tht Being myself will tke me where I need to go. 2. Second, nd eqully importnt, is the bility nd willingness to be tem member, plying dily roles in such fshion tht the whole is lwys greter thn the sum of it's prts. It must be recognized nd ccepted tht no tem is ever stronger thn the wekest member, so tht ech member must be ssigned to mke full use of tlents possessed. 3. 3. Third, tht ll individuls re equl nd tht ech nd ever one must fully recognize tht equlity nd with full cceptnce of the other, but tht we re ll humn beings; ech with our own prticulr weknesses nd strengths; so tht in full tem fshion one's strengths re emphsized nd weknesses re minimized. 4. Finlly, there is the mtter of "fir ply" nd honesty in never ending episode tht is lwys dpted to one's dily life nd the conditions tht emerge in specil situtions. Trustworthiness derives lmost solely from honesty nd fir ply, nd it is the most bsic requisite for success in democrcy. Vlues, beliefs nd spirtions Grown-up person is the one with bunch of experience over his/her shoulders who is conscious nd determined of certin principles nd priorities in life nd who hs come to self identity through the pth of mistkes nd often disppointments. person usully becomes more responsible in ctions nd stedy in opinions when becoming prent. Coming up to the comprehension of importnt notions in life which identify one's personlity prent tries to tech the child most of success, freedom, honesty, intimcy or rcism. However, the child due to his/her individul fetures will identify this issues on his/her own; the prent's obligtion is only to outline the understnding of these concepts so tht they would be their unflinching beliefs nd priorities when mking decisions or stnding behind the choice.I remember myself being child nd remember my vision of these issues. It hs gretly chnged s I becme older nd now I would do my best now so tht my child chooses the pth of life giving miss to my mistkes. First I would li ke to give n dvice regrding the perception of Success. ll my life I reched for success nd found myself decent cndidte to

Complexity Measures in Design and Development

Complexity Measures in Design and Development Albert Einstein once said â€Å"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler†. These simple words coming out of a genius’s mind carry a lot of meaning and depth in them. The last two decades saw an exponential rise in different branches of engineering and sciences; and with these developments came in a crowd of very advanced yet very complicated technologies. Are these complexities intended? The answer is very simple NO; the very word advanced is almost always inherited by complexity. No one would want to design and manufacture something very complex, but the more advanced a technology is, the more complex it gets. Even the works done by the man who said those words are far too complex for a common man; and actually that is exactly what he meant. Everyone tries to make things as simple as possible, but no simpler than that, they just can’t and the simplest product design possible can become very complex in some regards. With increasing complexity, there is always a danger of system being destabilized, reduction in overall performance, higher cost, higher maintenance, etc. The way to keep control over complexity is to have measure of it, so that management and manufactures know what exactly to-do and how to change their operational strategy. In this dissertation I am presenting a detailed overview of complexity, it’s different meanings and interpretations in various industries and a host of measures that were developed to measure and evaluate complexity. There are also a few methods of minimizing complexity presented along with case studies illustrating the means in which these measures were applied to real-time manufacturing and designing processes. Complexity: â€Å"What is complexity?† could be one of the most complex questions tube answered. The very definition of complexity from dictionary would suggest the following: Æ’ËÅ" Consisting of interconnected or interwoven parts Æ’ËÅ" Composed of two or more units Æ’ËÅ" Offers great difficulty in understanding, solving, or explaining Æ’ËÅ" The interlacing of parts so as to make it nearly impossible to follow or grasp them separately Æ’ËÅ" Extreme complication and often disorder; complication and entanglement that make solution or understanding improbable The first two meanings are not too related to our present context so I will ignore them, but the rest suggest the exact meaning of what complexity is. As we can see, if I do not understand something properly or am not capable enough to understand it, ‘that’ thing is complex tome. Does this mean it is really complex? The answer again is very simple, NO and that is the very reason why complexity is so hard to define. Complexity of anything is dependent on many factors and one very important factor is human understanding. A subject complex to me could be a piece of cake for someone else and this very behaviour of complexity makes it very hard to measure and evaluate it. An important and interesting question that may arise in reader’s minds, â€Å"Does the very same meaning of complexity stand in industry standards too?† The answer could be both a YES and a NO. It does stand the same thing in some cases, but in rest, the definition of complexity is completely modified. A best example would be industries involved in computer sciences and engineering. There complexity of a code does not really mean it is hard to understand, it rather means that it takes a lot of time for computer to calculate and give the results. In most of the mechanical and electronic designs, complexity would mean systems with multiple interacting parts, the behaviour of which cannot be related with respect to individual parts. That is their collectivebehavior is completely different and /or unpredictable from their individual behaviour. Again this unpredictability can be related to just the static structure of these components or dynamic nature, thus the differentiation between static complexity and dynamic complexity. Now Avery good question to answer is â€Å"What exactly are these static and dynamic complexities?† Static Complexity: Given a particular system (could be any system like manufacturing plant with different manual and automated equipment or just a small network with multiple servers/ clients ), there is always some complexity involved with the static structure of these components, could be just their physical shapes/ sizes or their alignment with other objects or with environment. This complexity which is made up as a function of various parameters like physical shapes, structures, connectivity, variety and strengths of components is called static complexity. Dynamic complexity: Dynamic complexity is more related towards the behaviour of these components as a unit. As mentioned earlier, the pattern of behaviour for a group of components is almost always different than the pattern for individual components; this behaviour measured over a period of time is a major parameter in dynamic complexity. A very important form of complexity that is normally taken as constant or zero while evaluating static or dynamic complexities is complexity arising because of control; that is, given a particular system, there could be many ways in which it can controlled and each one of these methods can result in a different static / dynamic complexity measure, thus to really evaluate a system, we should also consider this parameter and measure a control complexity too. But for most practical purposes, it is assumed that there is only one way to control, thus ignoring control complexity. Measuring and evaluating dynamic complexity is highly dependent on the industry and its specific design, thus forming generic measures for dynamic complexity is not only complicated but also inapplicable invest majority of other designs. Thus research is more focused towards static complexity and its measures. Though there are papers which concentrate only on dynamic complexity, they are very much oriented towards a specific industry and its related fields. Does this mean that static complexity is similar for all industries and designs? No, but a particular measure calculated for static complexity could be easily expanded to other designs too, which is not the same for dynamic complexity. In this paper, I will give measurements of both static and dynamic complexities with respect to manufacturing environment. Before we go any further into measurement of complexity, it is a good idea to understand why and how complexity arises in systems? There is general belief that complexity arises due to many random factors. It could be true in some sense, but that only indicates a very bad design. For systems which are well designed, manufactured and maintained, randomness is not a major factor; it is rather the fact that the system cannot be easily described which causes more complexity. According to Axelrod and Cohen describe systems as comprising of agents and artifacts. The artefacts are just physical (or virtual) objects that comprise the system where as the agents who have attributes like location, memory, ability to interact with other agents, ability to manipulate and change functions, control these objects. The agents may not have to be people alone; they can be computer programs, groups, political entities etc. that may affect the system directly or indirectly. Another important and very interesting concept of complexity comes from Wolfram, in which he states that complexity in a system comes from randomness produced because of three sources. Æ’ËÅ" The first source is the environment and its intervention, either directly or indirectly, on the system. Æ’ËÅ" The second source is the initial conditions that the system was in, before being used. These initial conditions could be random thus adding more weight to the complexity. Æ’ËÅ" The third and most important one is the internal or intrinsic complexity of the system. That is the complexity of the system when there is no external influence or affect. With all these different views of complexity, we are now ready to go ahead and describe what complexity in design is? But before that, let us see what exactly design means. Design and Why is it done? In this section, let us see what exactly design means and as in every case, let us start with the exact dictionary definition of design. Æ’ËÅ" To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent Æ’ËÅ" To formulate a plan for; devise Æ’ËÅ" To plan out in systematic, usually graphic form Æ’ËÅ" To create or contrive for a particular purpose or effect Æ’ËÅ" To have as a goal or purpose; intend Æ’ËÅ" To create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner These, may be with little twists here and there, are the exact definitions of ‘Design’ that you see in dictionaries and they almost suggest what precisely designing means in industry standards. Basically designing involves â€Å"making things better and more useful to customers (or people)†. Almost every single thing that we use is (/was)designed at some point of time; things that we take for granted were once designed and engineered. Design is an integral part of us and our society and is united in almost everything and anything we do and we use. Designing anything starts with an idea, any idea good or bad. The main job of designers is to reform this idea so that it is understandable for the people who need to work on it and manufacture it, sort of able print. Whether it is a multibillion dollar dam or a small fashion hair pin, the process of creating them is all the same and involves almost the same basic general steps. Before we discuss these steps, it’s important for us to understand why designing is done on the first place? Designing is a very important and basic step in any product. To deliver product, there are many steps involved. There are scientists who invent new technologies, engineers who use these technologies to develop various components, manufactures that use these components in manufacturing different products and finally marketers who take the prime role behind delivering the product. But who is going to coordinate their efforts to produce a desirable and successful product, no one else but the designers. They are the people who understand what the customer want and deliver a mechanism to make it happen. Designing is not just what we read in magazines which depict it as mostly involved with fashion industry. No that is not at all the case it involves a lot of insight into the way customer thinks and wants his product. As I mentioned earlier, everything that we use was designed at some point of time. There are some very important things that every design is supposed to follow, a brief list of which is as follows: Æ’ËÅ" User requirements: The very first and most important aspect designer has to consider is user. In this world where the number of competitors for a product is more than the product itself, there are very few designs which are being accepted into user community. The main reason behind their success being complete satisfaction of customers. The very first step of any design process is to know â€Å"what exactly customers want?† Æ’ËÅ" Creativity: Next comes creativity. When the designer knows what the customer wants, he has to create something new; he just can’t give the same old stuff which just satisfies the needs. If I am buying a camera, being a picky customer I wouldn’t buy any camera that can take a snap of me, NO, I want so many other things which may be I will not even dream of using, but still I want them in my camera. That is how customers think and that is what exactly designers provide. Innovation has to be there in a product without which t here is no value to it.Designers explore all the different combinations in which a product can be designed and seek new methods in doing so. The stranger it is the better. Now that there are so many simulation tools and other devices that provide so much insight into the product even before it is made, this work is simplified a lot. Æ’ËÅ" Business process: the other very important consideration a designer has to go through is the business process both from company perspective and user perspective. The overall price of the product may depend on the design and considering this is a very important thing. The best examples are the products from Microsoft, take for example PowerPoint, though costing only 50-100 dollars, it’s overall revenue may be grater than some very big software companies whose products cost millions of dollars. Why? The design was so done that there are millions of satisfied customers to PowerPoint or excel who can afford it easily than to products that co st millions of dollars. Æ’ËÅ" Manufacturing overview: it is also very important for a designer tube thoroughly aware of what exactly his company is capable of and at what capacity. I can design a magnificent product in a technology that my company is not even aware of, there is no use to it. A designer should be completely knowledgeable in the manufacturing processes and principles of his company so that whatever he does is not counter tithe existing mechanism, but only increase its productivity by using it in a better way. Now that we considered the basic aspects of design, let us now look at the design process. Being a designer is not such a simple job, you will have to consider so many discrete and varied things, a small list of which was provided above. There is a lot of trial and error involved. Till you get the right one, there could be thousand rejected designs. Though most of the design process is done by designers, there is a lot of contribution from most of the other departments involved in getting that product out like manufacturing people, engineers, business analysts, managers etc. The following are the basic but general steps I mentioned earlier that any designer follows: Æ’ËÅ" Understanding and evaluating Requirements: The very first step involved in design process is to understand and evaluate the user requirements. This involves defining the objectives, setting deadlines, targets and parameters. The design team is involved right from the beginning to the end as they have to understand the business process both from the company’s point of view and the customer’s point of view. The idea being creating an ideal project which will satisfy both the business processes and optimize them. A very important question to answer at this level is why are we creating / modifying this product? Once this question is properly answered, the rest of the process becomes simpler and logical. Æ’ËÅ" Research: Research is one of the most important aspects of the whole process. This is an ever going process, especially in the case of longer project. Research typically includes a variety of areas like Technology, Economy, User Satisfaction, Competitor products, trends, risks etc. Every one among them will affect the product and its design. A simple example would be the conversion from analogy to digital. May bee decade or two ago, there were some systems which were still concentrating on analogy devices. Now they are hardly seen. When such drastic change is happening (a decade would not be drastic for us, but for large scale manufacturing plants to change their whole technology from analogy to digital would cost millions of dollars even though it is spread over multiple years), it would be highly beneficial to a company to be well informed beforehand rather than changing at the spur of moment. Research is more concentrated on the customer / user than anything else. Whatever user wants has to be done and it would be much more preferable to know the user choices beforehand doing our own research, rather than getting a dissatisfied comment from him. Æ’ËÅ" Planning: planning is another significant part of the whole process. As I mentioned earlier, it is always good for the designers to know the internal business processes of the company beforehand rather than knowing them later on and trying to modify the design. Planning takes care of this step. With participation from wide variety of areas all across the board, it becomes simpler for the designer to know and understand different views and angles about a manufacturing process so that the overall design is acceptable and enjoyable by everyone. Æ’ËÅ" Communication: In a business process, there are always instances when the customer thinks of something, the designer understand something else and the manufacturing guys create something completely different. Why does this happen? Lack of communication. Whose mistake is this? Nobody’s. It is very important for a designer and his team to keep inconstant touch with both the customers and the manufacturing guys at the same time. Designers are the only bridge between customers and manufacturers and they should be completely aware of the business process from both the sides. It is client’s responsibility that he conveys the proper requirements to the designers so that they care-convey them to their manufacturing guys, a small leak here and there can result in disaster. But does the client do this always? NO. So it becomes an additional burden on the designer to keep in constant touch with the customer and keep him posted of what is going on with the product, so that if there is some discrepancy, then the message is obtained instantly, same is the case with manufacturing people. Æ’ËÅ" Implementation: the last step is implementation, mostly done by the manufacturing people but involves a little contribution from design team too. First of all, they may have to monitor the whole process and may be even test it thoroughly. Being the only people with complete knowledge of client’s business requirements, they are also responsible for quality. This is how a generic design process goes, let me stress the word generic again. Depending on industry, this process may change here and there, but the changes would be nominal. Now let us consider the different contexts of complexity in different industries and their detailed analysis, the major difference between the following topic and the one presented earlier being that the following one is description of complexity from design perspective. Different Contexts of complexity in different industries: I already mentioned while explaining the definition of complexity that its basic meaning may change from industry to industry. In this section let me highlight some key industries and illustrate the meaning of complexity with respect to that particular industry. In the very same process let us also try to combine the design process into the contexts that we can start concentrating more on complexity in design more than complexity in general. Let us start with the software industry where the definition of complexity is very fundamental but very useful. Complexity in Design for Software industries: What exactly does complexity in software design mean? IEEE standard 729gives the following definition for complexity in software, â€Å"The degree of complication of a system or system component, determined by such factors as the number and intricacy of interfaces, the number and intricacy of conditional branches, the degree of nesting, the types of data structures, and other system characteristics. Though very extensive, this definition still doesn’t cover all the aspects ofcompelxity in software. There are many things to be considered while stating complexity in software a few of which are the operating system, programming language , database, interface being used etc. and etc. Now popular question could be, â€Å"Does all this matter, a complexity has tube related to the way you design an algorithm more than the way you program it?†. Actually it does. There is a popular notion of measuring complexity in software industry where in they compare a particular language (for example) with another one and decide what is more complex. Though theoretically perfect, practically this is totally wrong. How can one compare an algorithm written in Java to the same algorithm written in C, their applications and usages are completely different. Similarly you cannot compare a program using Oracle as its database to a program using Microsoft Access. Now can we measure complexity taking all these into consideration? Not really. For measurement purposes again everything falls back to algorithm level. Whatever be the programming basis you are using, underneath it there is only a single algorithm being used. Thus in this context measurmentof complexity has to be done with a lot of risk. Later in the dissertation Aim going to suggest some popular methods of complexity measurements used in software industry. In general, complexity in software comprises mainly of the following components (apart from the algorithm): Æ’ËÅ" Component Reuse (so called Object Oriented Programming): This is Avery important component of complexity measurement these days. Given a particular algorithm, if you can reuse a piece of code again and again, thus avoiding redundancy, the complexity would decrease by a lot. Hence this factor is a very important component of software complexity. Æ’ËÅ" Control Flow: This takes into consideration the whole control structure of the program. Æ’ËÅ" Data Structures: The number of data structures being used and their size (in bits and bytes) Æ’ËÅ" Size: the overall length of the code (also including the commented lines and documentation as even they are considered in compilation process) From the above description, we can conclude that software complexity depends a lot on the algorithm being used, but many other factors contribute a lot too. Thus a good designer would first of all consider the algorithm and once the algorithm is decided, he / she would spend more time looking into various other considerations, trying to decrease the length of code, number of hits to the database, number of requests from the server etc. Complexity in Manufacturing: Let me clarify what I mean by Manufacturing before I go any further, it includes almost every single sector of consumer product industry starting from auto industry to small electronic components. Why am I including them of all into a single concept? Because the way they function is almost similar with the difference in size. Thus in this section, I will try to distinguish them whenever necessary, but otherwise they are all the same. Majority of these industries involve many moving parts and each one of these parts are again designed and manufactured, either in the same company of in a different one. Thus there is complexity involved in designing each one of them, and then comes the complexity of assembling them into one single system, normally carried out by various automated and / or manual methods. Consider for example an auto industry. With thousands of components going into the assembly line, the whole process becomes highly complex; similar is a case with electronic devices wherein minute parts has to placed and soldered on a PCB with utmost precision. Normally complexity of a manufacturing process is dependent on many parameters, a brief list of which is as follows: Æ’ËÅ" Similarity in processing requirements: the complexity of manufacturing process is highly dependent on the processing requirements and their similarity. Any process would be much simpler when it has similar methods being used across various modules. Thus with variance in processing requirements, the complexity increases. Complexity also increases due to changing consumer demand, which directly affects the whole setup. Æ’ËÅ" Yield: Manufacturing yield is another important factor that determines the complexity. There is always a constant effort to increase the yield but without proper planning and automation, this could result in huge complexities. Æ’ËÅ" Miniaturization: With the latest trend of miniaturization, all the components are being made as small as possible thus increasing their overall complexity. We can easily say that a laptop or as a matter of fact a palm top is much more complex than a desktop. A similar trend is being observed in many of the electronic sectors and thus enhancing the complexity of design. Æ’ËÅ" Energy Efficiency: More applicable in automobile than anywhere else, this parameter is affecting the complexity a lot. With modern vehicles(hybrid electrical and gasoline based engines), the energy efficiency is being increased a lot, but along with it, the complexity is also increasing at a similar rate. Why do we need Complexity Measures? Till now I discussed the basic definitions and detailed meanings of complexity and design. Now let me consider on measurement of complexity. The very first question to be answered in this regard is, Why do we need complexity Measures for? The answer for this question cannot be given in all technical fashion; we need some philosophy for this. As can be seen from the trends in the past two decades, the population is rising at a huge rate and along with it the technology is improving at an exponential rate. We are living in the period where Moore’s law is still being maintained and the devices that we use daily are being made more and more sophisticated and user friendly. But what if someone wants to understand the concepts behind any of these devices, though the modern communication is fast and very knowledgeable, it is vast too. Most of the information provided is random, not relevant, redundant and sometime inaccurate. This provides more confusion than clarity. As Simon says in his paper Creativity, Innovation, and Quality, â€Å"Today, complexity is a word that is much in fashion. We have learned very well that many of the systems that we are trying to deal with in our contemporary science and engineering are very complex indeed. They are so complex that it is not obvious that the powerful tricks and procedures that served us for four centuries or more in the development of modern science and engineering will enable us to understand and deal with them. We are learning that we need a science of complex systems, and we are beginning to construct it†, it is becoming more and more painful for common men to understand or evaluate systems becaus e of their complexity. This complexity is increasing day by day rather than taking a downward step. Not only in manufacturing processes but also in other industries like software, electronics, even social, political, religious, medical, biological hectare also vastly affected. The only way out of this confusion is to do proper designing so as to minimize the complexity involved, (note the work minimize. It is impossible to eliminate complexity). Are these the only reasons of measuring complexity? No way. None of the industrialists would ever invest in research for complexity measures for the above mentioned reasons. There is a huge economic advantage by doing proper complexity measurement and then taking proper steps to minimize it. I will mention a small list of these benefits here, and then explain them in detail as we go on to subsequent sections. List of advantages for measuring, evaluating and finally minimizing complexity from financial point of view: Æ’ËÅ" The operational strategy could be improved a lot. Æ’ËÅ" Processing speed and thus information transfer is much faster and smoother. Æ’ËÅ" System performance is better. Æ’ËÅ" Increased autonomy. Æ’ËÅ" More customer satisfaction and thus higher profit. Æ’ËÅ" Easier to maintain, modify or redesign. Statistics involved in Complexity measurement: Before we can go ahead and derive some formulae for complexity measures, it is a good idea to brush up some basic concepts of information theory and other related statistical engineering subjects. So this section is dedicated for a brief overview of some of these important concepts. Ensemble: An ensemble X is a random variable x with a set of possible outcomes, Vex = {v1,v2,..vi, †¦ VI), having probabilities {p1,p2,†¦pi,..pie} with P(x=vi)=pi, pi >0 and Conditional Probability: Product rule: Sum rule: Bayes’ Theorem: Stationary Process: A random process where the various statistical qualities or properties do not vary with time is called a stationary random process. That is for a stationary process, the parameters like Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation etc. are constant across time.(Example White Noise) Erotic Process: Random process in which the time series produced are the same in statistical properties. That is a set of random processes are considered as time shifts of an original stationary process. Entropy: A very popular term in Information Theory, entropy means the lowest amount of bit rate needed for representing a particular symbol. The exact value of Entropy is . It is also called as uncertainty of x. With this definition of Entropy and following the probability rules defined earlier, joint and conditional entropies can be defined as follows: Joint Entropy: Conditional Entropy: This information should be sufficient for us to go ahead and derive our formulae; if anything is needed I will provide it at that instant. Different methods of Complexity Measures, their Evaluation and Analysis: As indicated above, different industries use the term ‘Complexity’ indifferent aspects, thus there are varied meanings and definitions of it. With so many differences involved in just defining complexity, we can imagine how difficult it would be to measure and find methods to reduce complexity for all these manufacturing units. Taking into consideration this vastness, normally research is done only in those fields where there is some sort of existing mathematical background, using which new complexity measures and evaluations can be done. Ones these are formed, then the same measures could be used for relating complexity of any related industry. A popular area where there is a lot of mathematical background existing is algorithmic complexity, mostly for software related industries but applied in general to a vast area of other industries too. For beginners, let me start with describing few methods in software industry and we shall proceed to manufacturing plants later on. Fan-In Fan-out complexity: One of the most basic complexity formulae to be derived is Fan-Infant-Out complexity formed by Sallie Henry and Dennis kauri. Let us define the following parameters, L = length of the code in lines Fanon = the number of functions that call a particular function Fan-out= how many functions are called by a given function is calledfanout. Then the complexity of the code by this method is given as Complexity = L* (Fanon*Fan-out)2 In overall essence what exactly this formula does is, it counts the number of data counts from a particular unit of code and number of data counts into that unit or into a data structure to measure the complexity. Not so useful in real time applications with millions of lines of code and very complex algorithms. Software Science: This method was started by Maurice H. Halstead. Again this is a very simple and quite useless sort of algorithm to calculate complexity of program code. The formula for complexity that Halstead proposed was as follows: N=n1logn1 + n2logn2 Where N is the implementation length of the code, n1 is the number of unique distinct operators appearing in the implementation, n2 is the number of unique distinct operands appearing in the implementation. Now he defines the program volume as V =N log(n1 + n2) Where log is logarithm to the base of 2. Then he suggests that more the volume of the program code, more complexity is. As I said the above two measures were quite useless for modern programs involving very complicated algorithms. McCabe’s Cyclamate Complexity: To measure the amount of decision logic that is loops like for loop, while loop etc. or breaks like if, case etc., for a simple software module, we can use McCabe’s Cyclamate Complexity. An example formula that